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The Gateless Gate · 無門關

Koan of the Day

One koan a day from the Gateless Gate (Chinese Wumenguan, Japanese Mumonkan), the 48 cases the Chan master Wumen Huikai gathered in 1228, with the layman Anwan’s added 49th. Read the case, stay with it, then open Wumen’s comment and verse. Everyone gets the same case on the same day, and all 49 come round every seven weeks.

Case 1 of 49

Joshu's Dog

趙州狗子

A monk asked Joshu, a Chinese Zen master: "Has a dog Buddha-nature or not?"

Joshu answered: "Mu."

Note in the Wikisource transcription: "Mu" is the negative symbol in Chinese, meaning "No thing" or "Nay."

Wumen’s comment and verse are below. You may want to stay with the case for a while first.

Wumen (Mumon): comment and verse

To realize Zen one has to pass through the barrier of the patriarchs. Enlightenment always comes after the road of thinking is blocked. If you do not pass the barrier of the patriarchs or if your thinking road is not blocked, whatever you think, whatever you do, is like a tangling ghost. You may ask: What is a barrier of a patriarch? This one word, Mu, is it.

This is the barrier of Zen. If you pass through it you will see Joshu face to face. Then you can work hand in hand with the whole line of patriarchs. Is this not a pleasant thing to do?

If you want to pass this barrier, you must work through every bone in your body, through every pore of your skin, filled with this question: What is Mu? and carry it day and night. Do not believe it is the common negative symbol meaning nothing. It is not nothingness, the opposite of existence. If you really want to pass this barrier, you should feel like drinking a hot iron ball that you can neither swallow nor spit out.

Then your previous lesser knowledge disappears. As a fruit ripening in season, your subjectivity and objectivity naturally become one. It is like a dumb man who has had a dream. He knows about it but he cannot tell it.

When he enters this condition his ego-shell is crushed and he can shake the heaven and move the earth. He is like a great warrior with a sharp sword. If a Buddha stands in his way, he will cut him down; if a patriarch offers him any obstacle, he will kill him; and he will be free in his way of birth and death. He can enter any world as if it were his own playground. I will tell you how to do this with this koan:

Just concentrate your whole energy into this Mu, and do not allow any discontinuation. When you enter this Mu and there is no discontinuation, your attainment will be as a candle burning and illuminating the whole universe.

Has a dog Buddha-nature?
This is the most serious question of all.
If you say yes or no,
You lose your own Buddha-nature.
Who’s who
  • Joshu is Zhaozhou Congshen 趙州從諗 (778–897), Chan master (Tang) · source

Trans. Nyogen Senzaki and Paul Reps (1934), public domain in the United States · this case on Wikisource

All 49 cases

What a koan is for

A koan, in Britannica’s definition, is “a succinct paradoxical statement or question used as a meditation discipline for novices, particularly in the Rinzai sect.” Trying to “solve” one, the entry goes on, is meant to exhaust the analytic intellect, and each koan is “both a communication of some aspect of Zen experience and a test of the novice’s competence.” So a koan read on a screen is not koan practice; it is a meeting with the classic cases. To see how koans are actually worked with, and how Zen’s Rinzai and Soto schools use them differently, read our guide to Zen koans.

The book and this translation

Wumen Huikai’s own preface says he gathered the cases while teaching in the summer of 1228, and in his collection each of the 48 cases is followed by his comment and a short verse: four lines in every case but case 20, which gives three and asks the reader to add the last. The cases here are in the 1934 English of Nyogen Senzaki and Paul Reps, copied word for word from Wikisource, which tags the translation public domain in the United States. It gives the Chinese masters their Japanese names: Joshu is Zhaozhou, Ummon is Yunmen. Each case lists who’s who, with the Chinese name and a source, and shows the Chinese title from the Taishō text. One difference in numbering: the 1934 translation swaps cases 37 and 38, so its “Oak Tree in the Garden” (its case 38) is case 37 in the Chinese, and its buffalo case (its 37) is case 38 in the Chinese.

All 49 cases

CaseTitle (1934)Chinese titleWho’s who
1 Joshu's Dog · Wikisource 趙州狗子 Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
2 Hyakujo's Fox · Wikisource 百丈野狐 Hyakujo = Baizhang Huaihai; the Kashapa Buddha = Kāśyapa Buddha; Obaku = Huangbo Xiyun
3 Gutei's Finger · Wikisource 俱胝竪指 Gutei = Juzhi; Tenryu = Tianlong
4 A Beardless Foreigner · Wikisource 胡子無鬚 Wakuan = Huo'an Shiti; Bodhidharma
5 Kyogen Mounts the Tree · Wikisource 香嚴上樹 Kyogen = Xiangyan Zhixian; Bodhidharma; Maitreya
6 Buddha Twirls a Flower · Wikisource 世尊拈花 Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha; Maha-Kashapa = Mahākāśyapa
7 Joshu Washes the Bowl · Wikisource 趙州洗鉢 Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
8 Keichu's Wheel · Wikisource 奚仲造車 Getsuan = Yue'an Shanguo; Keichu = Xizhong
9 A Buddha before History · Wikisource 大通智勝 Seijo = Xingyang Qingrang; a Buddha who lived before recorded history = Mahābhijñājñānābhibhū
10 Seizei Alone and Poor · Wikisource 清稅孤貧 Seizei = Qingshui; Sozan = Caoshan Benji
11 Joshu Examines a Monk in Meditation · Wikisource 州勘庵主 Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
12 Zuigan Calls His Own Master · Wikisource 巖喚主人 Zuigan = Ruiyan Shiyan
13 Tokusan Holds His Bowl · Wikisource 德山托鉢 Tokusan = Deshan Xuanjian; Seppo = Xuefeng Yicun; Ganto = Yantou Quanhuo
14 Nansen Cuts the Cat in Two · Wikisource 南泉斬猫 Nansen = Nanquan Puyuan; Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
15 Tozan's Three Blows · Wikisource 洞山三頓 Tozan = Dongshan Shouchu; Ummon = Yunmen Wenyan
16 Bells and Robes · Wikisource 鐘聲七條 Ummon = Yunmen Wenyan
17 The Three Calls of the Emperor's Teacher · Wikisource 國師三喚 Chu = Nanyang Huizhong; Oshin = Danyuan Yingzhen
18 Tozan's Three Pounds · Wikisource 洞山三斤 Tozan = Dongshan Shouchu
19 Everyday Life Is the Path · Wikisource 平常是道 Nansen = Nanquan Puyuan; Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
20 The Enlightened Man · Wikisource 大力量人 Shogen = Songyuan Chongyue
21 Dried Dung · Wikisource 雲門屎橛 Ummon = Yunmen Wenyan
22 Kashapa's Preaching Sign · Wikisource 迦葉剎竿 Ananda = Ānanda; Kashapa = Mahākāśyapa; Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha
23 Do Not Think Good, Do Not Think Not-Good · Wikisource 不思善惡 the sixth patriarch = Huineng; the fifth patriarch = Hongren; E-myo = Huiming; the Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha
24 Without Words, Without Silence · Wikisource 離却語言 Fuketsu = Fengxue Yanzhao
25 Preaching from the Third Seat · Wikisource 三座說法 Kyozan = Yangshan Huiji; Maitreya
26 Two Monks Roll Up the Screen · Wikisource 二僧卷簾 Hogen = Fayan Wenyi
27 It Is Not Mind, It Is Not Buddha, It Is Not Things · Wikisource 不是心佛 Nansen = Nanquan Puyuan
28 Blow Out the Candle · Wikisource 久響龍潭 Tokusan = Deshan Xuanjian; Ryutan = Longtan Chongxin
29 Not the Wind, Not the Flag · Wikisource 非風非幡 The sixth patriarch = Huineng
30 This Mind Is Buddha · Wikisource 即心即佛 Daibai = Damei Fachang; Baso = Mazu Daoyi
31 Joshu Investigates · Wikisource 趙州勘婆 Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen
32 A Philosopher Asks Buddha · Wikisource 外道問佛 Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha; Ananda = Ānanda
33 This Mind Is Not Buddha · Wikisource 非心非佛 Baso = Mazu Daoyi
34 Learning Is Not the Path · Wikisource 智不是道 Nansen = Nanquan Puyuan
35 Two Souls · Wikisource 倩女離魂 Seijo = Qiannü; Goso = Wuzu Fayan; Mumon = Wumen Huikai
36 Meeting a Zen Master on the Road · Wikisource 路逢達道 Goso = Wuzu Fayan
37 A Buffalo Passes Through the Enclosure · Wikisource 牛過窓櫺 (case 38 in the Chinese) Goso = Wuzu Fayan
38 An Oak Tree in the Garden · Wikisource 庭前柏樹 (case 37 in the Chinese) Joshu = Zhaozhou Congshen; Bodhidharma; Shakyamuni Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha; future Buddha = Maitreya
39 Ummon's Sidetrack · Wikisource 雲門話墮 Ummon = Yunmen Wenyan; Shishin = Sixin Wuxin
40 Tipping Over a Water Vase · Wikisource 趯倒淨瓶 Hyakujo = Baizhang Huaihai; Isan = Guishan Lingyou
41 Bodhidharma Pacifies the Mind · Wikisource 達磨安心 Bodhidharma; His future successor = Huike
42 The Girl Comes Out from Meditation · Wikisource 女子出定 Buddha Shakyamuni = Śākyamuni Buddha; Manjusri = Mañjuśrī; Mo-myo = Wangming
43 Shuzan's Short Staff · Wikisource 首山竹篦 Shuzan = Shoushan Shengnian
44 Basho's Staff · Wikisource 芭蕉拄杖 Basho = Bajiao Huiqing
45 Who Is He? · Wikisource 他是阿誰 Hoen = Wuzu Fayan; The past and future Buddhas = Śākyamuni and Maitreya
46 Proceed from the Top of the Pole · Wikisource 竿頭進步 Sekiso = Shishuang; Another Zen teacher = Changsha Jingcen
47 Three Gates of Tosotsu · Wikisource 兜率三關 Tosotsu = Doushuai Congyue
48 One Road of Kembo · Wikisource 乾峯一路 Kembo = Yuezhou Qianfeng; Ummon = Yunmen Wenyan
49 Amban's Addition · Wikisource 第四十九則語 Amban = Anwan; Mu-mon = Wumen Huikai; Buddha = Śākyamuni Buddha; Vimalakirti = Vimalakīrti

For one sourced teaching a day from across the traditions, try the Daily Dharma, or sit with today’s case using the meditation timer. See all our free tools.

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Frequently asked questions

What is a koan?

Encyclopaedia Britannica defines a koan as 'a succinct paradoxical statement or question used as a meditation discipline for novices, particularly in the Rinzai sect' of Zen. The word comes from the Chinese gong'an, 'public notice'. Koans are based on stories of the Chan (Zen) masters, and Britannica names two major collections: the Blue Cliff Record and the Gateless Gate.

What is the Gateless Gate (Mumonkan)?

A collection of 48 koans gathered by the Chinese Chan master Wumen Huikai (Mumon in Japanese), whose preface says he gathered them while teaching in the summer of 1228. Each case is followed by Wumen's comment and a short verse, four lines long in all but one (case 20 gives three lines and asks the reader to add a fourth). A 49th case was added by the layman Anwan, dated 1246. Its Chinese title is Wumenguan, its Japanese title Mumonkan.

Can I work on a koan by myself?

Reading the cases is open to anyone, but in Zen a koan is more than a text to read: Britannica calls each one 'both a communication of some aspect of Zen experience and a test of the novice's competence'. This page is a way to meet the classic cases. For how koans are worked with in Zen training, and how Rinzai and Soto differ, see our guide to Zen koans.

Why do the masters have Japanese names?

The 1934 translation by Nyogen Senzaki and Paul Reps gives the Chinese masters' names in their Japanese readings: Joshu for Zhaozhou, Ummon for Yunmen, Nansen for Nanquan. Each case on this page has a 'Who's who' list giving the Chinese name, in pinyin and characters, with its source.

Is anything I do here saved?

Only on your own device: the tool remembers which cases you have opened, so it can grey them out in the list, and you can clear that at any time. That list is never sent anywhere. The case you are reading is in the page address, so you can bookmark it or send it to someone.

Sources